Ultrasound Brain Stimulation Technologies for Targeted Therapeutics: A Design Innovation Perspective

Abstract

Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique for targeted therapeutics in brain disorders. This paper explores the design innovation aspects of ultrasound brain stimulation technologies, focusing on their evolution, integration with biological monitoring systems, and potential for clinical translation. We delve into the advancements in micromachined and piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, their system-level integration, and the critical features required for adaptive, closed-loop neuromodulation systems. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future directions in developing these technologies for widespread preclinical and clinical applications, emphasizing the interdisciplinary approach that combines engineering, design, and biomedical sciences to achieve precise and effective brain stimulation.